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 <div class="section" id="brief-tour-of-the-standard-library">
<h1>10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library<a class="headerlink" href="#brief-tour-of-the-standard-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="operating-system-interface">
<h2>10.1. Operating System Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#operating-system-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">os</code></a> module provides dozens of functions for interacting with the
operating system:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import os
&gt;&gt;&gt; os.getcwd() # Return the current working directory
&#39;C:\\Python26&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; os.chdir(&#39;/server/accesslogs&#39;) # Change current working directory
&gt;&gt;&gt; os.system(&#39;mkdir today&#39;) # Run the command mkdir in the system shell
0
</pre></div>
</div>
Be sure to use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">import os</code> style instead of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">from os import *</code>. This
will keep <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.open" title="os.open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.open()</code></a> from shadowing the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">open()</code></a> function which
operates much differently.
The built-in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#dir" title="dir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">dir()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#help" title="help"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">help()</code></a> functions are useful as interactive
aids for working with large modules like <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">os</code></a>:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import os
&gt;&gt;&gt; dir(os)
&lt;returns a list of all module functions&gt;
&gt;&gt;&gt; help(os)
&lt;returns an extensive manual page created from the module&#39;s docstrings&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
For daily file and directory management tasks, the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/shutil.html#module-shutil" title="shutil: High-level file operations, including copying."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">shutil</code></a> module provides
a higher level interface that is easier to use:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import shutil
&gt;&gt;&gt; shutil.copyfile(&#39;data.db&#39;, &#39;archive.db&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; shutil.move(&#39;/build/executables&#39;, &#39;installdir&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="file-wildcards">
<h2>10.2. File Wildcards<a class="headerlink" href="#file-wildcards" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/glob.html#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">glob</code></a> module provides a function for making file lists from directory
wildcard searches:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import glob
&gt;&gt;&gt; glob.glob(&#39;*.py&#39;)
[&#39;primes.py&#39;, &#39;random.py&#39;, &#39;quote.py&#39;]
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="command-line-arguments">
<h2>10.3. Command Line Arguments<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-arguments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Common utility scripts often need to process command line arguments. These
arguments are stored in the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#module-sys" title="sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">sys</code></a> module’s argv attribute as a list. For
instance the following output results from running <code class="docutils literal notranslate">python demo.py one two
three</code> at the command line:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import sys
&gt;&gt;&gt; print sys.argv
[&#39;demo.py&#39;, &#39;one&#39;, &#39;two&#39;, &#39;three&#39;]
</pre></div>
</div>
The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/getopt.html#module-getopt" title="getopt: Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">getopt</code></a> module processes sys.argv using the conventions of the Unix
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/getopt.html#module-getopt" title="getopt: Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">getopt()</code></a> function. More powerful and flexible command line processing is
provided by the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/argparse.html#module-argparse" title="argparse: Command-line option and argument parsing library."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">argparse</code></a> module.
</div>
<div class="section" id="error-output-redirection-and-program-termination">
<h2>10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination<a class="headerlink" href="#error-output-redirection-and-program-termination" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#module-sys" title="sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">sys</code></a> module also has attributes for stdin, stdout, and stderr.
The latter is useful for emitting warnings and error messages to make them
visible even when stdout has been redirected:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; sys.stderr.write(&#39;Warning, log file not found starting a new one\n&#39;)
Warning, log file not found starting a new one
</pre></div>
</div>
The most direct way to terminate a script is to use <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.exit()</code>.
</div>
<div class="section" id="string-pattern-matching">
<h2>10.5. String Pattern Matching<a class="headerlink" href="#string-pattern-matching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/re.html#module-re" title="re: Regular expression operations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">re</code></a> module provides regular expression tools for advanced string
processing. For complex matching and manipulation, regular expressions offer
succinct, optimized solutions:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import re
&gt;&gt;&gt; re.findall(r&#39;\bf[a-z]*&#39;, &#39;which foot or hand fell fastest&#39;)
[&#39;foot&#39;, &#39;fell&#39;, &#39;fastest&#39;]
&gt;&gt;&gt; re.sub(r&#39;(\b[a-z]+) \1&#39;, r&#39;\1&#39;, &#39;cat in the the hat&#39;)
&#39;cat in the hat&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
When only simple capabilities are needed, string methods are preferred because
they are easier to read and debug:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; &#39;tea for too&#39;.replace(&#39;too&#39;, &#39;two&#39;)
&#39;tea for two&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="mathematics">
<h2>10.6. Mathematics<a class="headerlink" href="#mathematics" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/math.html#module-math" title="math: Mathematical functions (sin() etc.)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">math</code></a> module gives access to the underlying C library functions for
floating point math:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import math
&gt;&gt;&gt; math.cos(math.pi / 4.0)
0.70710678118654757
&gt;&gt;&gt; math.log(1024, 2)
10.0
</pre></div>
</div>
The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/random.html#module-random" title="random: Generate pseudo-random numbers with various common distributions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">random</code></a> module provides tools for making random selections:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import random
&gt;&gt;&gt; random.choice([&#39;apple&#39;, &#39;pear&#39;, &#39;banana&#39;])
&#39;apple&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; random.sample(xrange(100), 10) # sampling without replacement
[30, 83, 16, 4, 8, 81, 41, 50, 18, 33]
&gt;&gt;&gt; random.random() # random float
0.17970987693706186
&gt;&gt;&gt; random.randrange(6) # random integer chosen from range(6)
4
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="internet-access">
<h2>10.7. Internet Access<a class="headerlink" href="#internet-access" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
There are a number of modules for accessing the internet and processing internet
protocols. Two of the simplest are <a class="reference internal" href="../library/urllib2.html#module-urllib2" title="urllib2: Next generation URL opening library."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib2</code></a> for retrieving data from URLs
and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/smtplib.html#module-smtplib" title="smtplib: SMTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">smtplib</code></a> for sending mail:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import urllib2
&gt;&gt;&gt; for line in urllib2.urlopen(&#39;http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/timer.pl&#39;):
... if &#39;EST&#39; in line or &#39;EDT&#39; in line: # look for Eastern Time
... print line

&lt;BR&gt;Nov. 25, 09:43:32 PM EST

&gt;&gt;&gt; import smtplib
&gt;&gt;&gt; server = smtplib.SMTP(&#39;localhost&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.sendmail(&#39;soothsayer@example.org&#39;, &#39;jcaesar@example.org&#39;,
... &quot;&quot;&quot;To: jcaesar@example.org
... From: soothsayer@example.org
...
... Beware the Ides of March.
... &quot;&quot;&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.quit()
</pre></div>
</div>
(Note that the second example needs a mailserver running on localhost.)
</div>
<div class="section" id="dates-and-times">
<h2>10.8. Dates and Times<a class="headerlink" href="#dates-and-times" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/datetime.html#module-datetime" title="datetime: Basic date and time types."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">datetime</code></a> module supplies classes for manipulating dates and times in
both simple and complex ways. While date and time arithmetic is supported, the
focus of the implementation is on efficient member extraction for output
formatting and manipulation. The module also supports objects that are timezone
aware.
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; # dates are easily constructed and formatted
&gt;&gt;&gt; from datetime import date
&gt;&gt;&gt; now = date.today()
&gt;&gt;&gt; now
datetime.date(2003, 12, 2)
&gt;&gt;&gt; now.strftime(&quot;%m-%d-%y. %d %b %Y is a %A on the %d day of %B.&quot;)
&#39;12-02-03. 02 Dec 2003 is a Tuesday on the 02 day of December.&#39;

&gt;&gt;&gt; # dates support calendar arithmetic
&gt;&gt;&gt; birthday = date(1964, 7, 31)
&gt;&gt;&gt; age = now - birthday
&gt;&gt;&gt; age.days
14368
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="data-compression">
<h2>10.9. Data Compression<a class="headerlink" href="#data-compression" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Common data archiving and compression formats are directly supported by modules
including: <a class="reference internal" href="../library/zlib.html#module-zlib" title="zlib: Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with gzip."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">zlib</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/gzip.html#module-gzip" title="gzip: Interfaces for gzip compression and decompression using file objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gzip</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/bz2.html#module-bz2" title="bz2: Interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with bzip2."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">bz2</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/zipfile.html#module-zipfile" title="zipfile: Read and write ZIP-format archive files."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">zipfile</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/tarfile.html#module-tarfile" title="tarfile: Read and write tar-format archive files."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tarfile</code></a>.
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import zlib
&gt;&gt;&gt; s = &#39;witch which has which witches wrist watch&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; len(s)
41
&gt;&gt;&gt; t = zlib.compress(s)
&gt;&gt;&gt; len(t)
37
&gt;&gt;&gt; zlib.decompress(t)
&#39;witch which has which witches wrist watch&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; zlib.crc32(s)
226805979
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="performance-measurement">
<h2>10.10. Performance Measurement<a class="headerlink" href="#performance-measurement" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Some Python users develop a deep interest in knowing the relative performance of
different approaches to the same problem. Python provides a measurement tool
that answers those questions immediately.
For example, it may be tempting to use the tuple packing and unpacking feature
instead of the traditional approach to swapping arguments. The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/timeit.html#module-timeit" title="timeit: Measure the execution time of small code snippets."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">timeit</code></a>
module quickly demonstrates a modest performance advantage:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; from timeit import Timer
&gt;&gt;&gt; Timer(&#39;t=a; a=b; b=t&#39;, &#39;a=1; b=2&#39;).timeit()
0.57535828626024577
&gt;&gt;&gt; Timer(&#39;a,b = b,a&#39;, &#39;a=1; b=2&#39;).timeit()
0.54962537085770791
</pre></div>
</div>
In contrast to <a class="reference internal" href="../library/timeit.html#module-timeit" title="timeit: Measure the execution time of small code snippets."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">timeit</code></a>’s fine level of granularity, the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/profile.html#module-profile" title="profile: Python source profiler."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">profile</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/profile.html#module-pstats" title="pstats: Statistics object for use with the profiler."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pstats</code></a> modules provide tools for identifying time critical sections in
larger blocks of code.
</div>
<div class="section" id="quality-control">
<h2>10.11. Quality Control<a class="headerlink" href="#quality-control" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
One approach for developing high quality software is to write tests for each
function as it is developed and to run those tests frequently during the
development process.
The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/doctest.html#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">doctest</code></a> module provides a tool for scanning a module and validating
tests embedded in a program’s docstrings. Test construction is as simple as
cutting-and-pasting a typical call along with its results into the docstring.
This improves the documentation by providing the user with an example and it
allows the doctest module to make sure the code remains true to the
documentation:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>def average(values):
 &quot;&quot;&quot;Computes the arithmetic mean of a list of numbers.

&gt;&gt;&gt; print average([20, 30, 70])
 40.0
 &quot;&quot;&quot;
 return sum(values, 0.0) / len(values)

import doctest
doctest.testmod() # automatically validate the embedded tests
</pre></div>
</div>
The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">unittest</code></a> module is not as effortless as the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/doctest.html#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">doctest</code></a> module,
but it allows a more comprehensive set of tests to be maintained in a separate
file:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>import unittest

class TestStatisticalFunctions(unittest.TestCase):

def test_average(self):
 self.assertEqual(average([20, 30, 70]), 40.0)
 self.assertEqual(round(average([1, 5, 7]), 1), 4.3)
 with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
 average([])
 with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
 average(20, 30, 70)

unittest.main() # Calling from the command line invokes all tests
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="batteries-included">
<h2>10.12. Batteries Included<a class="headerlink" href="#batteries-included" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Python has a “batteries included” philosophy. This is best seen through the
sophisticated and robust capabilities of its larger packages. For example:
<ul class="simple">
<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/xmlrpclib.html#module-xmlrpclib" title="xmlrpclib: XML-RPC client access."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xmlrpclib</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/simplexmlrpcserver.html#module-SimpleXMLRPCServer" title="SimpleXMLRPCServer: Basic XML-RPC server implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">SimpleXMLRPCServer</code></a> modules make implementing
remote procedure calls into an almost trivial task. Despite the modules
names, no direct knowledge or handling of XML is needed.</li>
<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/email.html#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages, including MIME documents."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email</code></a> package is a library for managing email messages, including
MIME and other RFC 2822-based message documents. Unlike <a class="reference internal" href="../library/smtplib.html#module-smtplib" title="smtplib: SMTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">smtplib</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/poplib.html#module-poplib" title="poplib: POP3 protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">poplib</code></a> which actually send and receive messages, the email package has
a complete toolset for building or decoding complex message structures
(including attachments) and for implementing internet encoding and header
protocols.</li>
<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/xml.dom.html#module-xml.dom" title="xml.dom: Document Object Model API for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/xml.sax.html#module-xml.sax" title="xml.sax: Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.sax</code></a> packages provide robust support for
parsing this popular data interchange format. Likewise, the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/csv.html#module-csv" title="csv: Write and read tabular data to and from delimited files."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">csv</code></a> module
supports direct reads and writes in a common database format. Together, these
modules and packages greatly simplify data interchange between Python
applications and other tools.</li>
<li>Internationalization is supported by a number of modules including
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/gettext.html#module-gettext" title="gettext: Multilingual internationalization services."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gettext</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/locale.html#module-locale" title="locale: Internationalization services."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">locale</code></a>, and the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/codecs.html#module-codecs" title="codecs: Encode and decode data and streams."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">codecs</code></a> package.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>

</div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
 <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
 <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
 <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#operating-system-interface">10.1. Operating System Interface</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-wildcards">10.2. File Wildcards</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#command-line-arguments">10.3. Command Line Arguments</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#error-output-redirection-and-program-termination">10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#string-pattern-matching">10.5. String Pattern Matching</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dates-and-times">10.8. Dates and Times</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#data-compression">10.9. Data Compression</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#performance-measurement">10.10. Performance Measurement</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#quality-control">10.11. Quality Control</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#batteries-included">10.12. Batteries Included</a></li>
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NAME	TYPE	LAST MODIFIED	SIZE	OWNER / GROUP	PERMISSIONS	ACTION
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appendix.html	f!le	2019-03-27 12:19	16.59 KB	root / root	-rw-r--r--
appetite.html	f!le	2019-03-27 12:19	10.42 KB	root / root	-rw-r--r--
classes.html	f!le	2019-03-27 12:19	89.91 KB	root / root	-rw-r--r--
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datastructures.html	f!le	2019-03-27 12:19	87.16 KB	root / root	-rw-r--r--
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